Your Cosmic Map, Decoded
Authentic Vedic, Western, Chinese astrology, numerology, tarot, palmistry, vastu — personalized for your unique birth chart. Delivered online, anywhere in the world.
What is AstroAstra?
- AstroAstra is the world's most comprehensive online astrology platform.
- We provide authentic Vedic, Western, Chinese astrology, numerology, tarot, palmistry, and vastu readings.
- Personalized readings based on your full birth chart by experienced human astrologers (no AI).
- Delivered online by email within 48-72 hours, available worldwide in 168,000+ cities.
- Languages: English and Hindi. Free initial readings during launch period.
What is Astrology?
Astrology is the ancient practice of studying the positions and movements of celestial bodies — planets, sun, moon, and stars — to gain insight into human personality, life events, and timing.
Different traditions (Vedic, Western, Chinese, etc.) use different methodologies but share the core principle: cosmic patterns reflect and indicate patterns in human life. AstroAstra offers authentic readings across all major astrology systems.
- Founded
- 2025
- Headquarters
- Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
- Service Area
- Worldwide (168,000+ cities)
- Languages
- English, Hindi
- Astrology Systems
- Vedic, Western, Chinese, Numerology, Tarot, Palmistry, Vastu
- Number of Services
- 150+
- Reader Type
- Human astrologers (not AI)
- Delivery Time
- 48-72 hours via email
- Confidentiality
- Strictly confidential, no data sharing
- Pricing
- Free initial readings during launch
Click your sign for personality, compatibility, career, and life insights.
Free Kundli / Birth Chart
Detailed Kundli Report
Janma Kundli Analysis
Lal Kitab Kundli
KP System Birth Chart
Krishnamurti Paddhati
Choose Your Reading
Pick from 150+ services across all major astrology systems.
Provide Birth Details
Date, exact time, and place of birth in our short form.
Receive Reading
Detailed personalized analysis delivered by email within 48-72 hours.
Ongoing Support
Email follow-ups included; deep consultations available.
🕉 Vedic Astrology
Ancient Indian system with depth in karma, dasha, and remedies
♈ Western Astrology
Sun-sign-based modern approach with psychological focus
🐉 Chinese Astrology
12-year animal cycle with element interactions
🔢 Numerology
Numbers and their cosmic significance in your life
🃏 Tarot Reading
78-card system for guidance and reflection
✋ Palmistry
Reading character and life patterns through the hand
🏠 Vastu Shastra
Ancient architecture science for harmonious spaces
✨ Specialized
Niche services — gemstones, mantras, yantras, remedies
The reading was incredibly accurate — it picked up on patterns I hadn't even noticed in my own life. Practical remedies that actually worked.
I've gotten readings before but this was different — actually used my full chart, not just sun sign. Detailed and respectful of my time.
Helped me understand my career timing — when to push, when to pause. The Saturn dasha analysis was eye-opening.
Compatibility reading saved my marriage. We worked through patterns we didn't know we had. Forever grateful.
The follow-up support is what makes the difference — answered my questions for weeks after the reading.
Yellow sapphire recommendation transformed my financial situation. The chart analysis was spot-on.
AstroAstra is built on a simple principle: authentic astrology, accessible to everyone. We bring together qualified human astrologers, traditional methodologies (Vedic, Western, Chinese, and more), and modern online delivery to make personalized cosmic guidance available to seekers worldwide. No algorithms pretending to be astrologers, no generic horoscopes — just real, careful chart analysis tailored to you.
Our service area covers more than 168,000 cities worldwide. Whether you're in a major metropolitan area or a smaller community, the same depth of reading is available — delivered by email so geographic distance doesn't limit access. We currently offer readings in English and Hindi, with more languages planned.
Life Domain Emphasis
Where AstroAstra naturally flows
- 💼 Career29%
- 💖 Love25%
- 🌿 Health19%
- 💰 Wealth8%
- 🌱 Growth14%
- 🤝 Social5%
The Reading Process — How It Actually Works
When you request a reading at AstroAstra, here's what happens behind the scenes. First, your birth details are received and verified. Date and place are usually straightforward, but exact birth time matters significantly — even a 30-minute difference shifts the rising sign and house cusps, which affect a large portion of the chart. If your birth time is uncertain, our astrologers can use rectification techniques to estimate it from major life events, though the depth of analysis is somewhat reduced compared to having an exact time.
Next, your chart is cast using authentic methodology. For Vedic readings, this means the sidereal zodiac, complete planetary placements with degrees, the lagna (rising sign), house cusps, the nakshatras (lunar mansions), the dasha system (currently active planetary period), and important yogas (combinations). For Western readings, this means the tropical zodiac, planetary aspects, house systems, and current transits.
Why Human Astrologers, Not Algorithms
Many platforms offer 'AI astrology' or algorithm-generated readings. These can produce coherent-sounding text, but they fundamentally cannot do what a skilled human astrologer does: weigh competing factors, integrate the chart holistically, recognize when one pattern overrides another, and translate cosmic indicators into language that resonates with your specific situation. A chart is not a database — it's a complex pattern requiring interpretive skill.
AstroAstra's astrologers are humans trained in traditional methodology. They've prepared thousands of readings, which means they've seen patterns repeat across many lives and learned which textbook indications hold and which need adjustment. That accumulated experience is impossible to replicate with current AI.
The Eight Astrology Traditions We Cover
Different traditions excel at different questions. Vedic astrology is unmatched for timing, remedies, and karmic insight. Western astrology offers psychological depth and broad pattern recognition. Chinese astrology brings perspective on year cycles and elemental dynamics. Numerology decodes the symbolic meaning of numbers in your life. Tarot offers reflective guidance through 78-card patterns. Palmistry reveals patterns through hand analysis. Vastu Shastra applies cosmic principles to physical space. Specialized services cover gemstones, mantras, yantras, and tradition-specific remedies.
Most seekers find that one or two of these traditions resonate strongly with them. We don't believe one is universally superior — they're different lenses on the same cosmic reality, each illuminating certain dimensions while leaving others in shadow.
Confidentiality and Trust
Your birth details are personal, and we treat them accordingly. Information you provide is used only to prepare your reading. We don't share data with third parties, don't sell to advertisers, and don't store information beyond what's needed for the reading and follow-up support. The reading itself is delivered to your email and not posted publicly anywhere. This privacy commitment isn't just legal compliance — it's foundational to the trust that allows you to ask the personal questions astrology helps with.
Beyond Job Lists — Understanding Career Astrology
Most popular astrology content lists "best careers" for each sign as if professions were uniformly suitable or unsuitable. The reality is more nuanced. Career astrology isn't about which job title fits your sun sign — it's about understanding the texture of work that energizes versus drains you, the timing patterns of your career arc, and the planetary periods when major moves are favored.
Each element brings distinct career patterns shaped by its underlying nature. But within any element, individual chart placements modify this base tendency significantly. Two AstroAstra can have very different career trajectories based on what's happening in their 10th house, where their ruling planet sits, which planets are activated by current dasha periods, and how their professional indicators interact with personal-life houses.
The 10th House — Your Public Identity
In any chart, the 10th house indicates career, reputation, public role, and the kind of impact you make in the world. The sign on the 10th house cusp (the Midheaven), the planet ruling that sign, and any planets located in the 10th house all contribute to your professional signature. A 10th house ruled by Mars suggests careers requiring drive and assertion. A 10th house ruled by Saturn suggests careers built through patience and structure. A 10th house ruled by Mercury suggests careers involving communication, analysis, or transactions.
Equally important is which planet rules the sign on your Ascendant — this primary chart ruler often correlates with vocational direction more directly than even the 10th house ruler. When the Ascendant ruler and the 10th house ruler harmonize, career direction tends to feel natural; when they conflict, internal tension between identity and profession is common.
Timing — When Career Moves Favor You
The most practically valuable insight from career astrology is timing. Vedic dasha periods activate different chart areas at different life stages — when you're in a dasha that activates your 10th house, its ruler, or another professional indicator, career energy is high. When you're in a dasha activating personal or domestic houses, professional rhythms tend to shift. Recognizing which kind of period you're in helps you align your effort with the cosmic current rather than swimming against it.
Saturn transits matter too. The 7-8 year Saturn transit through your 10th house often coincides with major career consolidation — sometimes promotion, sometimes the realization that a current path needs to change. Jupiter's transit through career-relevant houses can bring expansion windows. These patterns are not deterministic, but they describe a cosmic climate that interacts with your decisions.
Practical Career Application
For AstroAstra, the practical question becomes: what career environment lets your natural energy flow rather than fighting it? Answering this requires looking at your actual chart, not relying on generic sun-sign recommendations. A personalized reading examines your specific 10th house, ruler placements, current and upcoming dashas, and Saturn position to identify both broad career direction and specific timing windows.
Energy Through The Year
Monthly energy pattern · AstroAstra
Compatibility Beyond Sun Sign
The popular question "are X and Y compatible?" framed at sun-sign level is one of the most misleading uses of astrology. Two people with "incompatible" sun signs frequently have wonderful, lasting relationships when their full charts harmonize. Two people with "ideal" sun-sign compatibility sometimes struggle deeply when other placements clash. The sun sign is one factor among many.
Real compatibility analysis (synastry) examines how the planets in two charts interact: where one person's Mars meets the other's Venus, how the Moon-to-Moon relationship plays out, what the composite chart (their relationship as its own entity) suggests, and how the 7th houses of both people interact with each other. This is genuinely informative — much more so than sun-sign compatibility lists.
The Layers of Romantic Connection
For AstroAstra, romantic patterns operate at several layers simultaneously. The 5th house indicates how you express romance, what excites you, your dating style. The 7th house indicates committed partnership — what you seek in a long-term partner, what you bring to that role, recurring relationship patterns. Venus in your chart shows what you find beautiful and value-aligned. Mars shows what you pursue actively.
When all four are operating in harmony, relationships feel relatively easy. When they conflict (you want one thing in dating but need another in marriage, for example), relationships involve more growth-oriented friction. Neither pattern is "bad" — but understanding which pattern your chart shows helps you make sense of recurring relationship experiences.
Beyond Romance — Friendship and Family
Astrology applies to all relationships, not just romantic ones. The 3rd house indicates siblings and close communication; the 4th, parents and home; the 11th, friends and community. Compatibility analysis with family members and close friends reveals dynamics that explain why certain relationships flow easily while others involve repeated friction.
This kind of analysis is particularly useful for understanding parent-child dynamics, where chart compatibility (or lack thereof) can illuminate why two people who love each other still struggle to communicate, or conversely why a particular friend feels like family despite no biological connection.
Timing in Relationships
When do significant relationships begin? When does a relationship transition? When does a partnership face its toughest tests? These timing questions have astrological answers. Specific transits — Venus crossing important angles, Saturn transiting the 7th house, Jupiter activating relationship houses — correlate with relationship milestones in observable patterns. People who track these patterns often find their relationship history makes more sense in retrospect.
For AstroAstra, a synastry analysis with a current or potential partner provides specific insight no general compatibility chart can match. The astrologer examines the full chart-to-chart interaction and identifies both the strengths to lean into and the patterns that need conscious navigation.
From Ancient Tradition to Today
Astrological principles were developed when life looked very different — agricultural rhythms, smaller communities, fewer career options, different relationship structures. Yet the patterns they describe remain remarkably useful today because they're patterns of human nature and cosmic timing, not patterns of any particular era. The expressions change; the underlying dynamics persist.
For AstroAstra, the modern application looks like this: the same energetic tendencies that ancient texts describe show up in contemporary contexts — career trajectories, relationship dynamics in dating apps and modern marriages, financial decisions in complex economies, health considerations with modern lifestyle factors. Reading the tradition through this lens yields surprisingly current guidance.
Career and Professional Life
In professional contexts, AstroAstra-related themes often appear around timing of moves, recognizing when to push and when to consolidate, identifying which work environments suit your nature, and navigating relationships with colleagues and authority. Modern career patterns — the gig economy, multiple career changes, remote work — don't change the underlying astrological dynamics; they just provide new contexts where those dynamics play out.
Practical observation: you can often identify your strongest career timing by tracking which life periods felt naturally productive vs. forced. Astrology can explain the pattern (dasha periods, transits, progressions), and once you have language for it, future timing becomes less mysterious.
Relationships and Connection
Relationship dynamics described by traditional astrology — compatibility patterns, recurring relationship themes, timing of significant connections — apply across modern relationship structures (traditional marriage, partnerships, dating, polyamory, deep friendships). The principle remains: how two charts interact creates predictable dynamics that conscious awareness can navigate more skillfully.
Specifically for AstroAstra patterns, paying attention to how you're drawn to certain types and how those relationships unfold reveals the chart at work. Astrology doesn't prescribe who you should be with; it illuminates patterns so you can choose more consciously.
Inner Life and Personal Growth
Perhaps the most useful modern application is psychological. The chart describes your inner landscape — emotional rhythms, recurring mental patterns, growth edges, soul lessons. This map doesn't replace therapy or self-work, but it complements them by giving you language and timing for the patterns you're navigating internally. Many people find that astrology helps them be patient with themselves during difficult periods because they can see the pattern in cosmic context rather than feeling it as a personal failure.
Favorable Days Calendar
Heat map of cosmically favorable days · 52 weeks
Money in the Birth Chart
Financial astrology is one of the most pragmatically useful applications of chart analysis. Several chart factors combine to indicate financial patterns: the 2nd house (earned income, savings, values), the 11th house (gains, large windfalls, business income), the 5th house (speculative gains, investments), the 8th house (joint resources, inheritance, financial transformation), and Jupiter's placement (general fortune indicator).
Looking at these together — rather than reading any single one in isolation — gives a realistic picture of your financial landscape. Some charts show steady accumulation through earned income. Others show fluctuating wealth with occasional large gains. Others show wealth concentrated in property or family resources. Each pattern has its own optimal strategy.
Lakshmi Yoga and Wealth Combinations
Vedic astrology specifically identifies wealth-bringing combinations called yogas. Lakshmi Yoga (a particular configuration involving the 9th house lord and Venus) traditionally indicates significant wealth potential. Dhana Yoga (combinations involving the 2nd, 5th, 9th, and 11th house lords) indicates earning capacity. Raja Yoga (combinations involving angular houses and trines) indicates status that often translates to financial success.
These yogas don't guarantee wealth — they indicate potential that's activated under the right dasha periods and through appropriate effort. Many people with strong Dhana Yogas don't realize their financial potential because they don't know it's there or don't take the actions that activate it. Conversely, people without dramatic wealth yogas often build comfortable financial lives through consistent, focused effort.
Timing Financial Decisions
Just as career timing matters, financial timing matters. The dashas of your 2nd, 11th, and Jupiter often coincide with periods of strong income. Saturn periods often involve financial discipline and longer-term wealth-building. Rahu periods can bring sudden financial shifts (positive or negative). Knowing which kind of period you're entering helps you align financial behavior — investing aggressively in growth periods, consolidating in disciplinary periods, being cautious during disruptive ones.
Money and AstroAstra
For someone with AstroAstra, the financial path likely has specific characteristics worth understanding. A complete reading examines your chart's wealth indicators, current period, upcoming transitions, and provides specific guidance — both for income strategy and for timing of major financial decisions like real estate purchases, business moves, or significant investments.
Historical and Cultural Roots
The principles discussed here aren't modern inventions. They emerge from observations made and refined across multiple civilizations over thousands of years. Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese astronomical traditions all contributed to the accumulated understanding we draw on today.
What makes this heritage useful — rather than merely historical — is the consistency of observations across cultures that had limited contact. When multiple independent traditions converge on similar patterns, that convergence is itself evidence the patterns describe something real about human experience, even if the metaphysical interpretation differs.
How the Tradition Has Evolved
Astrology hasn't been static. Different periods emphasized different techniques — predictive astrology in classical periods, psychological astrology in the 20th century, integration of multiple traditions in contemporary practice. This evolution reflects changing questions and contexts; the underlying observations remain.
Reading Process Flow
From request to outcome
The Health Houses
Three chart areas relate primarily to health: the 1st house (overall vitality, body, constitution), the 6th house (illness, daily wellness habits, health challenges), and the 8th house (chronic conditions, transformation through health crises). Reading these together with the placement of the Sun (vitality), Moon (emotional health affecting physical health), and Mars (energy and inflammation tendencies) produces a useful health profile.
Each zodiac sign also has traditional body associations. AstroAstra carries specific tendencies and vulnerabilities that show up across many charts. These aren't medical diagnoses — they're patterns of where the body tends to express stress, where injuries cluster, where conditions emerge if other factors line up. Knowing these patterns helps with prevention.
Constitutional Patterns by Element
Fire-element charts often show energy fluctuations — strong vitality when balanced, burnout when overdrawn. Earth-element charts often show steady physical resilience but can develop slow-progressing conditions if posture and stress aren't addressed. Air-element charts often show nervous-system sensitivity — quick recovery from acute issues but susceptibility to chronic stress patterns. Water-element charts often show emotional-physical connection — physical symptoms tracking emotional states closely.
Recognizing your own constitutional pattern helps you choose supportive practices. Fire benefits from cooling, calming practices (cooling foods, restorative yoga, time in nature). Earth benefits from movement and circulation. Air benefits from grounding and consistent rhythms. Water benefits from boundaries and emotional release practices.
Timing Health Awareness
Vedic astrology identifies certain dasha periods as particularly important for health attention. Periods activating the 6th, 8th, or 12th houses often correlate with health emergence — not necessarily illness, but conditions that demand attention. Periods activating the 1st house or strong benefics (Jupiter, Venus) often correlate with vitality. Knowing which kind of period you're in helps you allocate attention appropriately — extra preventive care during challenging periods, conscious building of vitality during favorable ones.
The Mind-Body Connection
Astrology has always recognized what modern medicine increasingly accepts: emotional and mental states affect physical health profoundly. The Moon's placement and afflictions affect the digestive system, sleep patterns, and emotional regulation. Mars affects inflammation and physical drive. Saturn affects bones, joints, and chronic patterns. Working with these connections — through chart awareness combined with appropriate self-care — produces better health outcomes than treating physical symptoms in isolation.
From Awareness to Skillful Action
Knowing your chart is the first step. Living it consciously is the deeper work. The transition happens when you stop being surprised by your own patterns and start anticipating them, working with them, and choosing your responses rather than reacting automatically.
For AstroAstra specifically, this means recognizing the characteristic tendencies as they're activating — the emotional charge that signals a familiar pattern, the situation that triggers automatic responses, the timing windows where certain energies become particularly active. Each recognition is an opportunity to choose differently.
Daily Practices That Help
Regular observation — even just five minutes of journaling about how the day went and what patterns showed up — builds the recognition muscle over time. Many practitioners find that tracking moods, decisions, and outcomes alongside the daily astrological transits reveals connections they would have missed otherwise.
Specific practices for AstroAstra energy depend on the element and ruler. Fire signs benefit from movement and active practices that channel energy. Earth signs benefit from grounding rituals and tangible practices. Air signs benefit from breath work and sound. Water signs benefit from emotional release practices and water-based rituals. Choose practices that work with your nature rather than against it.
When to Consult an Astrologer
While daily observation builds awareness, periodic consultation with a qualified astrologer provides depth no self-study can replicate. Specific moments to consider professional consultation: at major life transitions (marriage, career change, relocation), when recurring patterns aren't shifting despite effort, before significant decisions where timing matters, and at the beginning of new dasha periods (in Vedic astrology, every few years).
Consultations don't replace your own self-knowledge — they augment it with technical precision the trained eye can offer. The combination of your lived self-observation with an astrologer's framework analysis produces insight neither could generate alone.
Service Scorecards
Real metrics across our practice
The Traditional Toolkit
Vedic astrology in particular has accumulated an extensive toolkit of remedies — practices traditionally believed to harmonize challenging planetary influences and amplify benefic ones. These include gemstones (worn to channel specific planetary energies), mantras (sacred sound formulas associated with each planet), yantras (geometric designs used as meditation tools), pujas (specific ritual offerings), charitable acts (giving to specific causes associated with afflicted planets), and lifestyle adjustments (foods, colors, days, directions associated with each planet).
For AstroAstra, the appropriate remedies depend entirely on what the full chart shows. Recommendations from generic sources based on sun sign alone are incomplete — sometimes helpful, sometimes neutral, occasionally counterproductive if they amplify a planet that's already creating difficulty.
Why Personalized Recommendation Matters
Consider gemstones as an example. A common pattern: someone reads online that their sign should wear a particular stone, buys one, wears it, and notices either nothing or a subtle worsening of the situation they hoped to improve. The stone wasn't fake; the recommendation was. Their chart showed the associated planet was malefic for their specific configuration — a stone amplifying that planet's energy made things harder, not easier.
The same logic applies to mantras (chanting a planetary mantra strengthens that planet's influence — desirable when the planet is benefic for your chart, problematic when it's malefic), to fasting on planetary days, and to color-wearing recommendations. Each remedy is a tool that works with or against you depending on chart specifics.
Universally Beneficial Practices
That said, some practices benefit virtually everyone regardless of chart specifics: meditation, regular contemplative practice, ethical conduct, generosity (general — not chart-specific), kindness, and developing skill in your work. These aren't astrological remedies in the technical sense; they're universal foundations that strengthen any chart's expression.
For specific remedies tailored to your chart configuration, request a personalized consultation. The astrologer will examine which planets are weak, which strong, which afflicted, which benefic, and recommend remedies accordingly — both immediate practices and longer-term adjustments.
Quarterly Outlook Table
Trend analysis across key life domains
| Period | Domain | Current | Previous | Trend | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| This Quarter | Career Energy | 65 | ▲ | +13 | |
| This Quarter | Relationship Flow | 80 | ▲ | +4 | |
| This Quarter | Financial Outlook | 75 | ▼ | -3 | |
| This Quarter | Health Vitality | 82 | ▲ | +6 | |
| Next Quarter | Career Energy | 78 | ▲ | +3 | |
| Next Quarter | Relationship Flow | 84 | ▼ | -5 | |
| Next Quarter | Financial Outlook | 72 | ▲ | +13 | |
| Next Quarter | Health Vitality | 88 | ▼ | -2 |
"Is astrology actually predictive, or is it just personality description?"
The honest answer is: both, depending on what you mean by predictive. Astrology can describe broad timing windows accurately ("the next year tends to favor career consolidation rather than expansion"), can identify recurring patterns reliably ("you tend to encounter relationship friction during Mars-Saturn transits"), and can map your psychological terrain in detail. What it cannot do is predict specific events with certainty — there's no astrological technique that guarantees "you'll get the job on this date" or "you'll meet your future partner on that date." The chart describes terrain; you walk the path.
This nuance gets lost when astrology is treated either as "completely scientific prediction" or as "just psychology." The actual practice sits between these poles, more useful than the dismissive view suggests but less mechanical than the deterministic view claims.
"Why do some predictions seem accurate and others miss?"
Several factors. First, accuracy depends heavily on the astrologer's skill — chart analysis is a complex interpretive practice, and not all readings are equally well-prepared. Second, accurate timing predictions require accurate birth time; even a 30-minute error can shift major chart features. Third, astrology describes tendencies and probabilities, not certainties — what looks like a "miss" is sometimes a tendency that didn't manifest because of intervening factors (your conscious choices, others' choices, broader circumstances).
The most useful frame: treat astrology like weather forecasting. Skilled forecasters give you useful guidance ("storms expected this week, dress accordingly") without claiming exact accuracy ("rain will start at 2:47 PM"). Astrology operates similarly. When forecasts include enough specificity to be testable, you can evaluate accuracy over time and decide for yourself whether the practice provides value.
"Should I make decisions based on astrology?"
Astrology is best used as one input among several, not as the sole decision-maker. For major life decisions — marriage, career change, business launch, relocation, real estate — checking timing through astrology and getting a personalized analysis can identify favorable windows and warn of difficult transits. But the decision itself should integrate astrological input with practical analysis (financial, logistical, relational) and your own intuition.
People who get the most from astrology tend to use it consultatively rather than dependently. They consult before major moves, integrate the input thoughtfully, and accept responsibility for their decisions. People who try to outsource decisions entirely to astrology often find the results disappointing — both because no decision tool removes the responsibility of choosing and because astrological timing windows are about probability, not certainty.
"How do I know if a particular astrologer or service is legitimate?"
Look for: detailed responses that engage with your specific chart rather than generic predictions; willingness to acknowledge what astrology can and cannot do; absence of fear-based selling ("you must do X or terrible things will happen"); ethical pricing that doesn't escalate based on artificial urgency; willingness to answer follow-up questions; and qualifications that include actual training in traditional methodology rather than self-teaching from popular sources.
Avoid: services that predict specific guaranteed outcomes; readings that don't use your full chart; pressure to buy escalating remedies; vague generalities that could apply to anyone; and any service that fosters dependency rather than your own developing understanding. Legitimate astrology empowers; problematic astrology creates dependency.